Understanding Feline Epilepsy and What to Do During Seizures

What is Feline Epilepsy?

Epilepsy in cats is a brain disorder that causes repeated seizures. A seizure occurs when there’s abnormal, excessive electrical activity in the brain. This can manifest in various ways, from subtle behavioral changes to full-blown convulsions.

There are primarily two types of feline epilepsy: idiopathic epilepsy and symptomatic epilepsy. Knowing the difference is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Idiopathic Epilepsy

Idiopathic epilepsy, also known as primary epilepsy, is a condition where the cause of the seizures is unknown. In these cases, diagnostic tests like blood work and brain imaging come back normal. It’s often considered a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning other potential causes have been ruled out.

This type is often suspected to have a genetic component, although a specific gene has not yet been identified in cats.

Symptomatic Epilepsy

Symptomatic epilepsy, or secondary epilepsy, occurs when the seizures are caused by an identifiable underlying condition. This could be a brain tumor, infection, trauma, or metabolic disorder.

Identifying and treating the underlying cause is crucial for managing symptomatic epilepsy.

Recognizing the Signs of a Seizure

Recognizing the signs of a seizure is crucial for providing timely assistance and documenting the event for your veterinarian. Seizures can manifest differently in different cats.

• Pre-ictal Phase (Aura): This is the period leading up to the seizure. Your cat might exhibit behavioral changes like restlessness, anxiety, hiding, or excessive vocalization.
• Ictal Phase (Seizure): This is the actual seizure event. It can range from mild to severe. Common signs include:
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Convulsions (uncontrolled muscle movements)
  • Drooling or foaming at the mouth
  • Urination or defecation
  • paddling of limbs
• Post-ictal Phase: This is the period after the seizure. Your cat may be disoriented, confused, blind, or weak. This phase can last from a few minutes to several hours.

What to Do During a Cat Seizure

Witnessing your cat having a seizure can be distressing, but it’s important to remain calm and take the following steps:

• Stay Calm: Your cat needs your calm presence. Panicking will not help the situation.
• Ensure Safety: Protect your cat from injury by moving any nearby objects that could cause harm. Do not try to restrain your cat or put your hands near its mouth, as it may bite involuntarily.
• Time the Seizure: Note the start time of the seizure. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it’s considered a medical emergency and requires immediate veterinary attention.
• Record the Seizure: If possible, safely record the seizure on your phone. This video can provide valuable information to your veterinarian.
• Provide Comfort After the Seizure: Once the seizure has stopped, speak to your cat in a calm and reassuring voice. Allow your cat to recover in a quiet and comfortable space.

It’s important to contact your veterinarian after any seizure, even if it’s brief. Your veterinarian can provide guidance on whether further evaluation is needed.

Diagnosing Feline Epilepsy

Diagnosing feline epilepsy involves a thorough veterinary examination and diagnostic testing. The goal is to determine whether the seizures are idiopathic or symptomatic.

• Physical and Neurological Examination: Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam and a neurological exam to assess your cat’s overall health and neurological function.
• Blood Work: Blood tests can help identify underlying metabolic disorders, infections, or toxins that could be causing the seizures.
• Urine Analysis: A urine test can also help rule out metabolic problems or infections.
• Brain Imaging: MRI or CT scans of the brain can help identify structural abnormalities, such as tumors or lesions, that could be causing the seizures.
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: A CSF tap can help detect inflammation or infection in the brain and spinal cord.

Treatment Options for Feline Epilepsy

The treatment for feline epilepsy depends on the underlying cause. If the seizures are symptomatic, treating the underlying condition is the primary goal. If the seizures are idiopathic, anticonvulsant medications are typically used to manage the condition.

• Anticonvulsant Medications: These medications help control seizures by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Common anticonvulsants used in cats include phenobarbital and levetiracetam (Keppra).
• Dietary Changes: In some cases, dietary changes may help manage seizures. Your veterinarian can recommend a specific diet based on your cat’s individual needs.
• Regular Monitoring: Cats on anticonvulsant medications require regular monitoring, including blood tests, to ensure the medication is effective and to monitor for any potential side effects.

Living with a Cat with Epilepsy

Living with a cat with epilepsy requires patience, understanding, and a commitment to providing consistent care. With proper management, many cats with epilepsy can live long and happy lives.

• Medication Adherence: It’s crucial to administer anticonvulsant medications as prescribed by your veterinarian. Missing doses can increase the risk of seizures.
• Seizure Diary: Keep a seizure diary to track the frequency, duration, and severity of your cat’s seizures. This information can help your veterinarian adjust the medication dosage as needed.
• Safe Environment: Create a safe and predictable environment for your cat. Avoid sudden changes in routine, which can trigger seizures in some cats.
• Regular Veterinary Checkups: Schedule regular checkups with your veterinarian to monitor your cat’s health and adjust the treatment plan as needed.